underlying system

Finally, the underlying operating system must be in good health to support the applications.

最后，底层操作系统必须处于良好的状态才能支持应用程序。

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Third, a C library function may or may not have an associated underlying system call.

第三，C库函数可能有也可能没有相关的底层系统调用。

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To allow the system to be independent on the underlying OS platforms, we choose JAVA as the implementation technique, and use RMI distributed computing mechanism to realize the cooperation of the different workflow engines.

为了实现平台无关性，系统基于JAVA技术实现，并使用RMI分布式计算机制来实现多个工作流引擎的协同工作。

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Three-layer structure of the system is divided into user interface layer, intermediate layer, the underlying data source layer.

三层结构的方法把系统分为用户接口层，中介层，底层数据源层。

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The key here is that Open, Read, Write, or Close API system calls work the same regardless of whether the underlying file system is ext3 or Btrfs.

这里的关键之处是，不管底层文件系统是ext3还是Btrfs，Open、Read、Write或Close API系统调用都能正常工作。

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But the point to note is that in both the factors ( of the two-factor authentication), the system makes use of the same underlying security mechanism ( SSL/ TLS/ HTTPS) for network authentication.

但是要注意一点：对于两因素身份验证的两个因素，系统使用相同的底层安全机制（SSL/TLS/HTTPS）实现网络身份验证。

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The basic starting point of statistics is the stochasticity of the underlying system.

统计的基本出发点是研究系统具有的随机性.

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"Underlying debt" can be solved by perfecting the system of "combinatin of overall social planning and individual account" and muld-channel fund raising as well as diversified investment and operation to realize the maintenance and appreciation of value.

可通过改进统账结合制度、多渠道筹集资金解决隐性债务以及进行多样化的投资运营来实现基金的保值增值。

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Why this benefit policy can ont carry out successfully? The underlying reason is that the system itself is flawed, without seeing the view of paying and beneficiary party, lack of incentives, can not stimulate enthusiasm for the relevant stakeholders of the insurance.

为什么一项意为惠民的政策却难以展开实行呢？其深层原因在于制度本身存在缺陷，没有从参保及受益主体的角度考虑问题，缺乏激励措施，不能激发相关利益主体的参保热情。

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Based on the above discussion, the article lists the defects in the Chinese public service system and digs into the underlying reasons.

文章从分析西方公务员制度形成时期的社会经济基础、政治文化基础来探讨其公务员制度的特点。

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So why not have the underlying system automatically protect against these problems?

那么为何不让底层系统自动保护程序避免这些问题呢？

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International finance is also concerned with the monetary system underlying the exchange rate.

国际金融还涉及到以外汇汇率为基础的货币体系问题.

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If the file system data structures happen to align perfectly with the underlying physical partition size, a read or write of a4096-byte data structure results in a read or write of a single sector.

如果文件系统数据结构正好与底层物理分区大小一致，对4096字节数据结构的读写会产生对单一扇区的读写。

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Chrome OS security involves a complete separations of web applications running in tabs separated from each other and from the underlying system.

Chrome OS的安全措施会将运行在标签中的Web应用彼此隔离开来，同时也与底层系统进行隔离。

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